The hormonal imbalances, overproduction of sebum, genetic susceptibility and certain pathogens represent some the factors that favour the development of acne. It is a common problem during adolescence when significant hormonal changes occur.

A dermatologist can recommend an appropriate treatment based on the causes of acne. On the other hand, you can also consider a range of natural remedies for managing this condition. We will explore the various types of acne, how to control it naturally and when to seek the help of a specialist.

According to the Mayo Clinic, acne is a skin condition that occurs when sebum, bacteria and dead skin cells accumulate in the pores and hair follicles. This causes the appearance of painful pus-filled lesions, commonly known as pimples, or blackheads and whiteheads, as reported by the Cleveland Clinic.

Acne can affect any part of the body, but it most commonly develops on the face, back and chest. Although it can occur at any age, it is more common in teenagers.

The main types of acne, as reported by NHS UK, include:

Non-inflammatory acne

This type of acne does not cause inflammation of the skin and includes two forms of skin lesions:

• Blackheads (open comedones) – dead cells and sebum block the pores, resulting in characteristic black spots on the skin;

• Whiteheads (closed comedones) – these are similar to blackheads, but the pores are closed. Thus, they look like a bump on the skin.

Inflammatory acne

In this case, the lesions are red and inflamed. They can be caused by a bacterial infection deep within the skin, making them more challenging to treat. Inflammatory acne can manifest as:

• Pustules: Pimples that have a collection of pus and a white center;

• Papules: Hard, pink and sensitive-to-touch lesions;

• Nodules: They are characterized by bumpy, large, hard and painful pimples that form under the skin. Because the lesions are deep, they are difficult to treat naturally;

• Cysts: Represent the most severe form of acne. These pimples are deep, large, painful to the touch and filled with pus. They are often associated with permanent scarring.

Acne can occur due to the excessive multiplication of the Propionibacterium acnes bacterium, as reported by Healthline. This can be favored by the accumulation of sebum in the pores. When the immune system attacks the bacteria, it produces white blood cells (leukocytes) which accumulate as pus, causing inflammation.

In addition to this bacterium, other factors associated with the onset of acne include:

• Excessive sebum production – oily skin is more prone to acne;

• Hormonal fluctuations, such as those during pregnancy, the menstrual cycle or adolescence;

• Genetic factors;

• Unbalanced lifestyle (such as a diet rich in sugar);

• Stress;

• Certain medications;

• The use of cosmetic products containing oil or other ingredients that clog pores.

For mild acne, you have several natural measures that you can try to alleviate its symptoms. These include adjusting your skincare routine, optimizing your lifestyle and using scientifically proven natural remedies.

However, it's important to know that these measures don't work for everyone and should not replace specialist-recommended treatment. Also, natural remedies often require more research to prove their benefits.

According to the sources mentioned above, it's essential to consult a dermatologist if:

• The lesions are of moderate or severe intensity (such as nodules or cysts);

• Acne persists for several weeks or worsens over time;

• Skincare measures don't bring improvement;

• Acne occurs in adulthood, is severe and appears suddenly;

• The problem causes significant psychological and emotional distress.

From puberty onwards, it's recommended to adopt a skincare routine that keeps sebum production under control in the context of hormonal fluctuations. This involves:

• Cleansing: Keeping the pores clean and regularly removing excess sebum is essential. For this purpose, it is recommended to use a cleanser with a lightweight formula specially designed for oily skin. Clean your skin twice a day and after workouts. Twice a week, exfoliate with a mild product containing salicylic or glycolic acid;

• Toning: The next step is to apply a tonic lotion, which balances the pH and closes the pores;

• Local treatment: Use a "spot treatment" cosmetic cream (local treatment for acne), which is applied directly on the pimples, to reduce inflammation;

• Moisturizing and protection: Finish your skincare routine with a lightweight moisturizer containing hyaluronic acid or glycerin. This restores the hydrolipidic barrier of the skin. Choose one with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 30 since sun exposure can worsen acne.

It is recommended to choose products labeled as non-comedogenic, which means they do not clog pores.

Additionally, opt for dermatocosmetic products designed for oily, acne-prone skin. These should have a lightweight or liquid consistency to avoid overloading the skin. Also, choose cosmetics without alcohol that contain ingredients, such as:

• Benzoyl peroxide;

• Adapalene;

• Beta hydroxy acids (BHAs), such as salicylic acid;

• Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), such as glycolic acid;

• Chamomile extract;

• Tea tree extract.

Other useful tips, according to the mentioned sources:

• Avoid squeezing pimples;

• Do not touch affected skin with unwashed hands;

• Always remove makeup before bedtime;

• Avoid friction with clothing in the affected area;

• Take a shower right after exercising;

• Use oil-free, non-comedogenic make-up products, preferably dermatocosmetics;

• Stay hydrated through optimal water consumption;

• Maintain a balanced and varied diet rich in fruits and vegetables! Replace white grains with whole grains and avoid excessive sugar and ultra-processed foods, such as commercial sweets, chocolate, bakery products, fast food, cold cuts and juices.

The correct skincare routine and a healthy lifestyle are recommended measures for adults as well. If acne persists despite these measures, you can try several natural remedies:

• Tea tree essential oil: After prior skin cleansing, apply this oil diluted with water (1 part essential oil and 9 parts water) once or twice a day using a cotton pad;

• Aloe vera: Pure aloe vera gel promotes lesion healing and has antibacterial, moisturizing and anti-inflammatory properties. Apply it to clean skin once or twice a day;

• Green tea: Infuse green tea in hot water, then use a cotton pad or a spray to apply the liquid to your face. Wait for it to dry, then rinse;

• Honey and cinnamon: Prepare a natural mask by mixing 2 tablespoons of honey with a teaspoon of cinnamon. Apply it to the affected skin and leave it on for 15-20 minutes, then rinse thoroughly with water. A 2017 study conducted by Elin Julianti and colleagues demonstrated that this combination of ingredients is effective in eliminating the P. acnes bacterium, which improves acne;

• Omega-3: These nutrients have anti-inflammatory effects and can improve the appearance of the skin. You can provide your body with optimal amounts of Omega-3 fatty acids by regularly consuming fatty fish, such as sardines, herring, mackerel, salmon and cod liver.

In adulthood, stress is a common trigger for acne, but it also promotes several chronic conditions. Therefore, reducing stress levels can be a useful strategy for managing acne. You can keep stress under control through enjoyable activities, meditation, quality time spent with loved ones, hobbies, rest and exercise.

As a result, acne is a common condition that can be improved by adopting appropriate skincare methods and healthy habits. Don't hesitate to consult a dermatologist for treatment if the issue persists or is severe.